Recherche

Contenu et objectif du projet de recherche

L'intégration des migrant·e·s est l'un des principaux défis auxquels sont confrontées les sociétés occidentales, car leur performance est souvent inférieure à celles des natifs. Dans le domaine de l'éducation, le problème réside dans le fait que de nombreux systèmes éducatifs renforcent l'exclusion et les mauvaises performances des élèves issus de l'immigration. Concrètement, nous pouvons observer ce phénomène en Suisse, où les migrant·e·s obtiennent des résultats différents selon les cantons et donc selon les politiques éducatives spécifiques.  
Des pistes efficaces pour réduire ces inégalités éducatives sont proposées dans la littérature, mais elles ne sont pas toujours acceptées par les parents des élèves autochtones, par les enseignant·e·s ou par des autres acteurs politiques. Par conséquent, elles ne sont pas nécessairement mises en œuvre.
L'objectif de ce projet est de comprendre quelles mesures d'égalité des chances, connues pour leur efficacité à améliorer les résultats des migrant·e·s, seraient acceptées par la population générale, notamment, par les parents autochtones ainsi que le corps enseignant et dans quels contextes (cantonaux) ces mesures pourraient-elles être mise en œuvre. En outre, le projet analyse les acteurs et les processus responsables du succès ou de l’échec de la mise en œuvre ’de certaines politiques d’égalité des chances concernant principalement les migrant·e·s. Par exemple ce projet analyse pourquoi à Neuchâtel, l'abolition prématurée des séparations en filières dans la carrière académique, est préjudiciable aux élèves issus de l'immigration. Une votation populaire à Genève le 15 mai 2022 a maintenu une telle séparation en filières au détriment des élèves immigrés et autres élèves vulnérables. 

Contexte scientifique et social

Ce projet utilise des méthodes dites "mixtes", c'est-à-dire une combinaison de sondages et d'expériences de sondage, d'entretiens et de "process tracing" (i.e., suivi du processus causal d'une réforme). Ces méthodes permettent de combler une importante lacune dans la recherche en Suisse. Ce thème est important en raison de la proportion élevée de migrant·e·s ainsi que de leur constante augmentation, mais également de l’importance de ce thème dans la politique helvétique. La Suisse a un système éducatif décentralisé. C’est pour cette raison qu’elle est un cas approprié afin d’étudier si les préférences des citoyens autochtones et des enseignant ·e·s pour une politique éducative d'égalité particulière sont influencées par le contexte institutionnel, c'est-à-dire les différents systèmes scolaires cantonaux.

Keywords

Égalité des chances, attitudes publiques, politique éducative, suivi du processus causal d'une réforme politique, immigration.

www.unil.ch/idheap/COVIDsurvey
 

Together with Prof. Bonoli and Prof. Maiani, Dr. Carlo Knotz and Mia Gandenberger
https://nccr-onthemove.ch/projects/welfare-inclusion-and-solidarity/

Welfare states are the main tool market economies use to redistribute wealth and reduce inequality. Migration and mobility have placed European welfare states before new challenges. This is visible in patterns of public opinion and in the evolution of social legislation.
This nccr-on the move project analyses politically Acceptable Redistributive Arrangements for Multi-Ethnic Societies. in particular, it is important to understand whether the willingness to enter redistributive arrangements is affected by ethnic images of the beneficiaries. What kind of redistributive arrangements are more politically acceptable in multi-ethnic societies, and to what extent legal provisions on free movement have changed views on entitlements? We want to study the link between the willingness to redistribute resources and the multi-ethnic character of a society by refining our understanding of redistribution and otherness.

Together with Carlo Knotz (University of Lausanne), Fabienne Liechti (Ecoplan) and Ihssane Otmani (University of Lausanne)

In the light of the refugee influx of 2015-2017 into Europe the pressing question arose of how to best integrate refugees into their new host countries. It is undisputed that refugees are particularly vulnerable regarding their economic and social outcomes in most Western countries. A question that is still under-explored is whether and subsequently how refugees’ gender stereotypes affect their integration outcomes. In more detail, this study inquires how stereotypes related to gender and marital status shape the perception of employers regarding the employability of refugees in three Western labour markets. The findings show that gender and family status interact and shape complex inequality patterns; whereby, particularly refugee men and refugee mothers are disadvantaged, albeit for different reasons. We argue that while men suffer from negative stereotypes regarding their expected attitude and manageability on the job, refugee mothers are discriminated against because of a lower productivity expectation due to their family obligations.

This study is based on a survey experiment carried out in 2019 among employers, who were asked to evaluate fictitious profiles of refugees who applied for different jobs in Austria, Germany, and Sweden.

Output: Fossati, F., Knotz, C., Liechti, F. and I. Otmani (forthcoming) The Gender Employment Gap among Refugees and the Role of Employer Discrimination: Experimental Evidence from the German, Swedish and Austrian Labor Markets, International Migration Review, 10.1177/01979183221134274

Together with Carlo Knotz (University of Lausanne) and Fabienne Liechti (Ecoplan)

Do active labour market programs (ALMPs) improve the labour market outcomes of workers with immigration backgrounds? In other words, do these programs contribute to increasing the employability of these jobseekers? This question is relevant because the empirical evidence on the subject is mixed. Therefore, we inquire how stereotypes and discrimination influence employers’ evaluation of immigrant workers who participated in an ALMP program in Germany, Sweden, and the UK by means of a survey experiment. We argue that if immigrants are disadvantaged during their job searches, it is due foremost to the quality of the job they apply for and in the way employers process information when hiring for critical and less critical positions.

Together with Fabienne Liechti (Ecoplan)

Throughout Europe different types of policies have been introduced to help refugees after the 2014-2017 influx. This study analyses how measures, such as basic integration courses, volunteering, and various types of labour market counselling and training services, impact refugees’ chances of obtaining employment and thus fostering their integration in Austria, Germany, and Sweden.

We find that the successful economic integration of refugees crucially depends on the employers’ positive attitudes towards this group. More precisely, the results show that, in general, integration measures are valued by employers as a positive signal of employability. However, this applies only to respondents who are not prejudiced against this group of particularly vulnerable immigrants. This finding implies that, the efficacy of integration measures crucially depends on the attitudes of the host country's population and its employers, in particular.

Output: Fossati, F. and Liechti, F. (2020, forthcoming) Integrating refugees through public policy: A comparative survey experiment, Journal of European Social Policy.

Together with Fabienne Liechti (Ecoplan) and Anna Wilson (University of Lausanne)

In this study, we analyse whether and how active labour market policy (ALMP) participation can improve vulnerable groups’ success in the labour market in Switzerland and Sweden. Our key finding is that when employers assume that the agency of program participation in ALMPs lies with the unemployed person, he or she is more likely to be evaluated positively by a prospective employer. In other words, signalling a strong motivation to find employment, in particular through a pro-active engagement and participation in a labour market program, is beneficial to the labour market integration of jobseekers. This project shows that signalling motivation is an important asset on the labour market and contributes to the understanding of how policies may affect outcomes in unexpected ways.

Output: Fossati, F., Liechti, F. and Wilson, A. (2020) Participation in labour market programmes: A positive or negative signal of employability? Acta Sociologica. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699320902837

Together with Daniel Auer ( WBZ Berlin) and Fabienne Liechti (Ecoplan)

Can immigrants influence their integration chances? This project inquires whether immigrants who signal a particularly high level of cultural assimilation to the host society are more likely to be evaluated positively by employers and thus are more likely to find a job. The results show that, indeed, individuals who assimilate to the host country’s ways of living benefit regarding their perceived employability. This project contributes to better understand the challenges of successful integration processes in the “age of migration”.

Output: Fossati, F., Liechti, F. and Auer, D. (2020) Can signaling assimilation mitigate hiring discrimination? Evidence from a survey experiment Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 65, Special issue edited by Barone, C. and Solga, H. “Experimental Methods in Social Stratification Research”. DOI : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2019.100462

Together with Daniel Auer (WBZ Berlin).

In recent decades, governments across Europe have invested conspicuous resources in the implementation of different active labour market programs (ALMPs) to support the unemployed during their job search process. A particularly vulnerable group in terms of labour market opportunities and thus economic integration are immigrants. Individuals with an immigration background are known to be less likely to obtain a job, and even if they do, these jobs are often less desirable in terms of, for instance, social status, earnings, working conditions, among other things.

This project inquires whether immigrants are attributed the same type of ALMPs as natives are, or whether there is an unequal treatment in the attribution of particular measures. In fact, it is known that not all policies are equally effective and thus able to compensate for existing inequalities and lacunas. This project contributes to understanding to what extent different policies and institutional attribution mechanisms can mitigate or exacerbate existing differences in labour market chances for immigrants in Switzerland. 

Output: Auer, D., and Fossati, F. (2020) Compensation or Competition : Bias in immigrants’ access to active labour market measures, Social Policy and Administration, 54: 390-409. DOI : https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12532 

Together with Philipp Trein (University of Lausanne)

The financial crisis of 2007-2009 triggered the implementation of various anti-crisis policy responses across Europe. An interesting question is how and to what extent such policies, and in particular their regional distribution, affect the electoral fortunes of political parties during elections. Specifically, this project analyses to what extent and how the massive expansion of short-time work that was implemented just before the 2009 German election affected electoral behaviour at the local level. Following this context, do social democratic parties, after suffering a steady decline in the recent decades, gain influence through policies that support and protect workers (i.e. their traditional constituency)? The results show that there are important regional inequalities in terms of both problem pressure (unemployment) and the take-up of short-time work (anti-crisis policy) and that this is connected to political behaviour. In fact, in regions with higher problem pressure and higher policy take-up social democrats tend to gain electorally, albeit not enough to win the elections. 

Output : Fossati, F. and P. Tein (2020), ‘Cobbler, Stick to Your Last? Social Democrats’ Electoral Returns from Labour Market Policy‘, Journal of Social Policy, 15, 1–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279420000070